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A groundbreaking work that exposes the twisted origins of affirmative action.
In this "penetrating new analysis" (New York Times Book Review) Ira Katznelson fundamentally recasts our understanding of twentieth-century American history and demonstrates that all the key programs passed during the New Deal and Fair Deal era of the 1930s and 1940s were created in a deeply discriminatory manner. Through mechanisms designed by Southern Democrats that specifically excluded maids and farm workers, the gap between blacks and whites actually widened despite postwar prosperity. In the words of noted historian Eric Foner, "Katznelson's incisive book should change the terms of debate about affirmative action, and about the last seventy years of American history."- Sales Rank: #21019 in Books
- Brand: Katznelson, Ira
- Published on: 2006-08-17
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.30" h x .80" w x 5.50" l, .54 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Rather than seeing affirmative action developing out of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, Katznelson (Desolation and Enlightenment) finds its origins in the New Deal policies of the 1930s and 1940s. And instead of seeing it as a leg up for minorities, Katznelson argues that the prehistory of affirmative action was supported by Southern Democrats who were actually devoted to preserving a strict racial hierarchy, and that the resulting legislation was explicitly designed for the majority: its policies made certain, he argues, that whites received the full benefit of rising prosperity while blacks were deliberately left out. Katznelson supports this startling claim ingeniously, showing, for instance, that while the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act was a great boon for factory workers, it did nothing for maids and agricultural laborers—employment sectors dominated by blacks at the time—at the behest of Southern politicians. Similarly, Katznelson makes a strong case that the GI Bill, an ostensibly color-blind initiative, unfairly privileged white veterans by turning benefits administration over to local governments, thereby ensuring that Southern blacks would find it nearly impossible to participate. This intriguing study closes with suggestions for rectifying racial inequality, but its strongest merit is its subtle recalibration of a crucial piece of American history. (Aug.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
Katznelson places into contemporary context the cause of racial inequity that is directly related to government policies, which are widely believed to benefit blacks but which have actually benefited whites. He eschews the more generalist focus on slavery and white supremacy as the causes of racial inequality and focuses on government policies of the New Deal and post-World War II distribution of veteran benefits. He identifies in a practical sense government policies, most of which appear neutral on their face, that were designed to restrict blacks and, in fact, impeded them from progressing commensurate with white America. The war economy and labor needs expanded opportunities for blacks and substantially reduced economic disparities. But postwar policies to promote home ownership and labor laws regarding minimum wages deliberately excluded blacks. Other policies providing the engine that produced today's middle class, including the GI benefits that financed college education, reinforced the discriminatory patterns. By connecting the dots, Katznelson provides the foundational basis that justified affirmative action for blacks, as the disparities are an outgrowth of government policies and practices. Vernon Ford
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
“A fresh, highly readable, first-rate history.” (Sanford D Horowitt - San Francisco Chronicle)
“A penetrating new analysis.” (Nick Kotz - New York Times Book Review)
“Ira Katznelson has made a major contribution to the affirmative action debate.... [His] book makes as strong a case as I have ever seen for vigorous action to bring about equal opportunities for African-Americans.” (George M. Frederickson - New York Review of Books)
“A gem of a book.” (David Oshinsky - The Nation)
Most helpful customer reviews
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
If Injustice Angers You, Read in Small Doses.
By Bear
Spells out the history of how the welfare and housing laws of the 1930's-1950's were skewed to exclude minorities. Uses historical records to back up how the original benefits of welfare and home ownership were denied to minorities, under the cloak of legality. Also has some interesting history around the Southern Democratic party, and when the stalwart members of that party switched to the Republican party when the Democratic party as a whole started to embrace the minority voter. If you are easily angered by injustice, you'll want to read this in small doses. I found it very instructional, particularly in light of the current political climate. A good reminder that early affirmative action denied minorities much of the American Dream.
16 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Before It Was Called Affirmative Action
By AlanWarner
Americans especially white Americans benefitted from two federal sponsored programs designed to help them move into the middle class these programs were the Social Security Act of 1935 and The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 nicknamed The G I Bill of Rights the amazing thing about the Social Security Act is that it intentionally excluded domestic workers and farm workers as stated on page 43 "Unfortunately, the great majority of blacks were left out. Most African Americans, we have seen, were farm workers or domestics, and people in these categories did not qualify." "Not until 1954, when Republicans controlled the White House, the Senate, and the House of Representatives, and the southern Democrats finally lost their ability to mold legislation, were the occupational exclusions that had kept the large majority of blacks out of the Social Security system eliminated." As for The G I Bill even though this was a federal program the administrative duties and distribution of funds was handled and left up to the individual states on page 114 "To be sure, the G I Bill did create a more middle-class society, but almost exclusively for whites.Written under southern auspices, the law was deliberately designed to accommodate Jim Crow. Its administration widened the country's racial gap. The prevailing experience for blacks was starkly differential treatment." An individual example of this differential treatment can be found on page 139 read "The case of Reuben Thompson of Rome, Georgia," And on page 140 "these impediments were not confined to the South. In New York and northern New Jersey suburbs, fewer than 100 of the 67,000 mortgages insured by the G I Bill supported home purchases by non-whites". This is a perfect example of how white people were able to advance into middle-class status, the material in this book is a major part of American history.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Required reading for Americans
By stpaul2010
Incredibly eye-opening. People talk about black history and institutional racism, but all you hear about is the most blatant racism and slavery. This book describes the stuff that's truly important today: how blacks were systematically denied a decent livelihood and.progress from generation to generation. Not just in blatant ways, but in countless little ways. The end result is the poor black nation living within an otherwise wealthy nation. This material should be in every high school course in American history.
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